Initial Construction of the Exercise Maintenance Motivation Scale: A Mixed-Method Study

Truong Thanh Nam; Omid Dadras; Cua Ngoc Le; Doan Hoang Phu; Pham Trung Tin; Tran Dai An; Nguyen Tan Dat; Tran Nguyen Du; Nguyen Thi Hien; Truong Thi Tuyet Chau; Tran Van De; Huynh Khai Quang; Sang-arun Isaramalai; Charuai Suwanbamrung

doi:10.28991/HEF-2023-04-04-06

Authors

Truong Thanh Nam 1) Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 2) Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 3) Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Omid Dadras Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen,, Norway
Cua Ngoc Le 1) Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 2) Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160,, Thailand
Doan Hoang Phu Doctoral Program in Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160,, Thailand
Pham Trung Tin 1) Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 3) Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Tran Dai An Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160,, Thailand
Nguyen Tan Dat Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Tran Nguyen Du Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Nguyen Thi Hien 1) Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 3) Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Truong Thi Tuyet Chau Faculty of Basic Science, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Tran Van De Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Huynh Khai Quang Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho City,, Viet Nam
Sang-arun Isaramalai Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla 90110,, Thailand
Charuai Suwanbamrung
yincharuai@gmail.com
1) Public Health Research Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand. 2) Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160,, Thailand

Vol. 4 No. 4 (2023): December

Research Articles

Downloads

PDF

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

This mixed-methods study aimed to develop and validate the exercise maintenance motivation (EMM) scale, designed to assess the motivation for maintaining exercise among fitness center (FC) members in Vietnam. The two-phase study was conducted to outline the development process of the EMM-FC scale, which is grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT). In the first qualitative phase, ten in-depth interviews and four focus groups (n = 39) were performed, identifying five components of EMM through content analysis. Following this, the scale's content and face validity were assessed through a connecting step and pre-testing, which led to the elimination of 20 items, resulting in 40 statements. In the second phase, a cross-sectional survey (n = 280) was conducted to assess the factorial structure of the EMM-FC scale with Exploratory Factor Analysis. Findings yielded five construct dimensions with satisfactory psychometric indicators, including convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability of the EMM-FC scale. The 30-item EMM-FC scale covered five SDT-driven constructs, comprising of "Exercise achievements”, "Exercise environments”, "Exercise integration with life goals”, "Exercise enjoyment”, and "Workout-aholic”, explaining 61.3% of the variance. The scores of five constructs were positively correlated with the total scores of the scale and notably distinguished between exercise maintainers and non-exercise maintainers. Further research is required to thoroughly assess the scale's robust psychometric properties to be applied in future practical research for exercise maintenance.

Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-04-06

Full Text: PDF

Nam, T. T., Dadras, O., Le, C. N., Phu, D. H., Tin, P. T., An, T. D., … Suwanbamrung, C. (2023). Initial Construction of the Exercise Maintenance Motivation Scale: A Mixed-Method Study. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 4(4), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.28991/HEF-2023-04-04-06

Download Citation

World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.

Trinh, O. T. H., Nguyen, N. D., Dibley, M. J., Phongsavan, P., & Bauman, A. E. (2008). The prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among adults in Ho Chi Minh City. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 204. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-204.

Van Bui, T., Blizzard, C. L., Luong, K. N., Van Truong, N. Le, Tran, B. Q., Otahal, P., Srikanth, V., Nelson, M. R., Au, T. B., Ha, S. T., Phung, H. N., Tran, M. H., Callisaya, M., & Gall, S. (2015). Physical activity in Vietnam: Estimates and measurement issues. PLoS ONE, 10(10), 140941. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140941.

Althoff, T., Sosič, R., Hicks, J. L., King, A. C., Delp, S. L., & Leskovec, J. (2017). Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature, 547(7663), 336–339. doi:10.1038/nature23018.

Lee, I.-M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet, 380(9838), 219–229. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61031-9.

Statista Research Department. (2021). Member penetration rate of health and fitness market APAC 2017. Statista, Hamburg, Germany. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/982343/apac-health-fitness-market-penetration-members/ (accessed on December 2023).

Nguyen, M. N. (2020). Participation and interest level in going to the gym in Vietnam 2017, by gender. Sports and Recreation, Statista, Hamburg, Germany. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1096401/vietnam-level-of-gym-training-participation-by-gender/ (accessed on December 2023).

Hirschmann, R. (2021). Share of people with gym memberships in Vietnam 2020, by age group. Sport and Recreation, Statista, Hamburg, Germany. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1183096/vietnam-share-of-people-with-gym-memberships-by-age-group/ (accessed on December 2023).

Annesi, J. J. (2003). Effects of a cognitive behavioral treatment package on exercise attendance and drop out in fitness centers. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(2), 1–16. doi:10.1080/17461390300073206.

Middelkamp, J., van Rooijen, M., Wolfhagen, P., & Steenbergen, B. (2017). The effects of a self-efficacy intervention on exercise behavior of fitness club members in 52 weeks and long-term relationships of transtheoretical model constructs. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 16(2), 163–171.

Rand, M., Goyder, E., Norman, P., & Womack, R. (2020). Why do new members stop attending health and fitness venues? The importance of developing frequent and stable attendance behaviour. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51(101771). doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101771.

Yang, Y. J. (2019). An Overview of Current Physical Activity Recommendations in Primary Care. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 40(3), 135–142. doi:10.4082/kjfm.19.0038.

Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 78. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-78.

Teixeira, P., & Hagger, M. (2016). Motivation and behaviour change techniques based on self-determination theory: a consensus analysis. European Health Psychologist, 389-389.

Brand, R., & Cheval, B. (2019). Theories to explain exercise motivation and physical inactivity: Ways of expanding our current theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(MAY), 2019– 21. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01147.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.

Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thí¸gersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts: A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 325–340. doi:10.1177/1745691612447309.

Mullan, E., Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. K. (1997). A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analytic procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(5), 745–752. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00107-4.

Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(2), 191–196. doi:10.1123/jsep.26.2.191.

Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., Loitz, C. C., & Scime, G. (2006). "It's Who I Am ... Really!' The Importance of Integrated Regulation in Exercise Contexts1. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 11(2), 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00021.x.

McLachlan, S., Spray, C., & Hagger, M. S. (2011). The development of a scale measuring integrated regulation in exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(4), 722–743. doi:10.1348/2044-8287.002009.

Tokovska, M., ZaŠ¥ková, T. Š ., & Jamborová, č½. (2022). Digital Competencies Development in Higher Education Institutions: A Mixed Methods Research Study. Emerging Science Journal, 6, 150-165. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2022-SIED-011.

Elsborg, P., Heinze, C., Melby, P. S., Nielsen, G., Bentsen, P., & Ryom, K. (2021). Associations between previous sport and exercise experience and physical literacy elements among physically inactive Danes. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1248. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11299-2.

Cavicchiolo, E., Sibilio, M., Lucidi, F., Cozzolino, M., Chirico, A., Girelli, L., Manganelli, S., Giancamilli, F., Galli, F., Diotaiuti, P., Zelli, A., Mallia, L., Palombi, T., Fegatelli, D., Albarello, F., & Alivernini, F. (2022). The Psychometric Properties of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3): Factorial Structure, Invariance and Validity in the Italian Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 1937. doi:10.3390/ijerph19041937.

Niemi, R. G., Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1986). The impact of scale length on reliability and validity - A clarification of some misconceptions. Quality and Quantity, 20(4), 371–376. doi:10.1007/BF00123086.

Nuss, K., Sui, W., Rhodes, R., & Liu, S. (2023). Motivational Profiles and Associations with Physical Activity Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Study. JMIR Formative Research, 7, e43411. doi:10.2196/43411.

Nuss, K., & Li, K. (2021). Motivation for physical activity and physical activity engagement in current and former wearable fitness tracker users: A mixed-methods examination. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106798. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106798.

Emm-Collison, L. G., Sebire, S. J., Salway, R., Thompson, J. L., & Jago, R. (2020). Multidimensional motivation for exercise: A latent profile and transition analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101619. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101619.

Clancy, R. B., Herring, M. P., & Campbell, M. J. (2017). Motivation Measures in Sport: A Critical Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00348.

Ingledew, D. K., & Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation" . Psychology & Health, 23(7), 807–828. doi:10.1080/08870440701405704.

Rosa, J. P. P., de Souza, A. A. L., de Lima, G. H. O., Rodrigues, D. F., de Aquino Lemos, V., da Silva Alves, E., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2015). Motivational and evolutionary aspects of a physical exercise training program: a longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 648. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00648.

Saavedra, J. M., García-Hermoso, A., Escalante, Y., & Domínguez, A. M. (2014). Self-determined motivation, physical exercise and diet in obese children: A three-year follow-up study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14(3), 195–201. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2013.12.001.

Fuentes-García, J. P., Alonso-Rivas, L., Gómez-Barrado, J. J., Abello-Giraldo, V. M., Jiménez-Castuera, R., & Díaz-Casasola, C. (2021). Modification of the forms of self-determined regulation and quality of life after a cardiac rehabilitation programme: Tennis-based vs. bicycle ergometer-based. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9207. doi:10.3390/ijerph18179207.

Charles, A., Girard, A., Buckinx, F., Mouton, A., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2020). Senior physical activity contests in nursing homes: a feasibility study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(5), 869–876. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01529-9.

Liu, J. D., Chung, P. K., Zhang, C. Q., & Si, G. (2015). Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2: Evidence from university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(3), 228–234. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.017.

Durán-Vinagre, M. í., Ibáñez, S. J., Feu, S., & Sánchez-Herrera, S. (2023). Analysis of the motivational processes involved in university physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1080162. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1080162.

Sánchez-Herrera, S., Cubero, J., Feu, S., & Durán-Vinagre, M. í. (2022). Motivation Regarding Physical Exercise among Health Science University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6524. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116524.

Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., & Sheppard, K. E. (2004). Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(8), 1921–1932. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.021.

Keadle, S. K., Meuter, L., Phelan, S., & Phillips, S. M. (2021). Charity-based incentives motivate young adult cancer survivors to increase physical activity: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 44(5), 682–693. doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00218-w.

Fresno-Alba, S., Leyton-Román, M., Mesquita da Silva, S., & Jiménez-Castuera, R. (2023). Predicting Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer Who Engage in Physical Exercise: The Role of Psychological Variables. Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(14), 2088. doi:10.3390/healthcare11142088.

Cid, L., Monteiro, D., Teixeira, D., Teques, P., Alves, S., Moutí£o, J., Silva, M., & Palmeira, A. (2018). The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) Portuguese-version: Evidence of reliability, validity and invariance across gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(October), 1940. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01940.

Moustaka, F. C., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Vazou, S., Kaperoni, M., & Markland, D. A. (2010). Initial validity evidence for the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 among Greek exercise participants. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 269–276. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000036.

Rodrigues, F., Macedo, R., Teixeira, D., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2020). Motivation in sport and exercise: a comparison between the BRSQ and BREQ. Quality and Quantity, 54(4), 1335–1350. doi:10.1007/s11135-020-00988-6.

Nam, T. T., Le, C. N., Phu, D. H., Stanikzai, M. H., Shohaimi, S., Dadras, O., Isaramalai, S. A., & Suwanbamrung, C. (2023). Assessment of Self-Determined Motivation in Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 4(2), 241–256. doi:10.28991/HEF-2023-04-02-08.

CASP (2023). Critical appraisal skills programme UK. CASP qualitative checklists, Oxford, United Kingdom. Available online: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/ (accessed on December 2023).

Hong, Q. N., Fí bregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M. P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O'Cathain, A., Rousseau, M. C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. doi:10.3233/EFI-180221.

Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2021). A practical guide to instrument development and score validation in the social sciences: The MEASURE Approach. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 26(1), 1-18. doi:10.7275/svg4-e671.

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149.

DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, United States.

Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. doi:10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6.

Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of Response Process Validation and Face Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(3), 55–61. doi:10.21315/eimj2019.11.3.6.

Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial scale development: Sample size for pilot studies. In Educational and Psychological Measurement (Vol. 70, Issue 3, pp. 394–400). doi:10.1177/0013164409355692.

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.

Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General. Psychology, 9(8), 2207–2230. doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98126.

Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.

Wininger, S. R. (2007). Self-determination theory and exercise behavior: An examination of the psychometric properties of the exercise motivation scale. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(4), 471–486. doi:10.1080/10413200701601466.

de Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181. doi:10.1080/00273170902794206.

Blunch, N. J. (2012). Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, United States. doi:10.4135/9781526402257.

Poraj-Weder, M., Pasternak, A., & Szulawski, M. (2021). The Development and Validation of the Health Behavior Motivation Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 706495. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706495.

Rodrigues, I. B., Adachi, J. D., Beattie, K. A., Lau, A., & MacDermid, J. C. (2019). Determining known-group validity and test-retest reliability in the PEQ (Personalized Exercise Questionnaire). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20(1), 373. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2761-3.

Ley, C. (2020). Participation motives of sport and exercise maintainers: Influences of age and gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17217830.

Gjestvang, C., Abrahamsen, F., Stensrud, T., & Haakstad, L. A. H. (2020). Motives and barriers to initiation and sustained exercise adherence in a fitness club setting”A one-year follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30(9), 1796–1805. doi:10.1111/sms.13736.

Wasserkampf, A., Silva, M. N., & Teixeira, P. J. (2017). Changing the quality of motivation over time in health and fitness settings. ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, 21(5), 33–39. doi:10.1249/FIT.0000000000000327.

Keele, R. (2009). Development of the exercise motivation questionnaire with Mexican American adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 17(3), 183–194. doi:10.1891/1061-3749.17.3.183.

Zhang, Y., Hasibagen, & Zhang, C. (2022). The influence of social support on the physical exercise behavior of college students: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1037518.

Tian, Y., & Shi, Z. (2022). The Relationship between Social Support and Exercise Adherence among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effects of Subjective Exercise Experience and Commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 1827. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811827.

Riseth, L., Ní¸st, T. H., Nilsen, T. I. L., & Steinsbekk, A. (2019). Long-term members' use of fitness centers: A qualitative study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 11(1), 9. doi:10.1186/s13102-019-0114-z.

Lovell, G. P., Ansari, W. El, & Parker, J. K. (2010). Perceived exercise benefits and barriers of non-exercising female university students in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3), 784–798. doi:10.3390/ijerph7030784.

Gjestvang, C., Abrahamsen, F., Stensrud, T., & Haakstad, L. A. H. (2021). What Makes Individuals Stick to Their Exercise Regime? A One-Year Follow-Up Study among Novice Exercisers in a Fitness Club Setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638928.

Gjestvang, C., Tangen, E. M., Arntzen, M. B., & Haakstad, L. A. H. (2023). How Do Fitness Club Members Differentiate in Background Characteristics, Exercise Motivation, and Social Support? A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 22(2), 235–244. doi:10.52082/jssm.2023.235.

Kopp, P. M., Senner, V., Kehr, H. M., & Gröpel, P. (2020). Achievement motive, autonomous motivation, and attendance at fitness center: A longitudinal prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51, 101758. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101758.

Weinstein, A., & Szabo, A. (2023). Exercise addiction: A narrative overview of research issues. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 25(1), 1–13. doi:10.1080/19585969.2023.2164841.

Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., & Grattan, K. P. (2008). Understanding motivation for exercise: A self-determination theory perspective. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 250–256. doi:10.1037/a0012762.

Liu, L., Xiang, M., Guo, H., Sun, Z., Wu, T., & Liu, H. (2020). Reliability and Validity of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 for Nursing Home Residents in China. Asian Nursing Research, 14(1), 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2019.12.002.

Rosenman, R., Tennekoon, V., & Hill, L. G. (2011). Measuring bias in self-reported data. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 2(4), 320. doi:10.1504/ijbhr.2011.043414.

Vlachopoulos, S. P., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, A. L. (2010). The basic psychological needs in exercise scale: Translation and evidence for cross-cultural validity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(4), 394–412. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671960.

Teques, P., Calmeiro, L., Silva, C., & Borrego, C. (2020). Validation and adaptation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in fitness group exercisers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 352–357. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.09.010.

Dunton, G. F., & Vaughan, E. (2008). Anticipated Affective Consequences of Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance. Health Psychology, 27(6), 703–710. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.703.

Acceptance Rate:	29%
Review Speed:	63 days
Issue Per Year:	4
Number of Volumes:	5
Number of Issues:	20
Number of Articles:	154
Number of Reviewers:	327
Number of Contributors:	540
Contributing Countries:	57
No. of Scopus Citations:	785
No. of WoS Citations:	694
No. of Google Citations:	1394
Google h-index:	22
Google i10-index:	51
Abstract Views:	138,409
PDF Download:	127,181

Initial Construction of the Exercise Maintenance Motivation Scale: A Mixed-Method Study

Authors

Downloads

Login

submission

Publisher & Affiliated Societies

Indexing & Abstracting

SidebarMenu

IndexedBy

Indexed In

twitter

Social Media

Analytics

Analytics

Information

Most Cited Articles

Alternative Fuel: Hydrogen and its Thermodynamic Behaviour

Assessment of the Presence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Wastewaters and in Aquatic Environment

Eco-Friendly Asphalt Approach for the Development of Sustainable Roads

Utilization Management to Ensure Clean Water Sources in Coastal Areas

Address

Contact Info:

Initial Construction of the Exercise Maintenance Motivation Scale: A Mixed-Method Study

Authors

Downloads

Login

submission

Publisher & Affiliated Societies

Indexing & Abstracting

SidebarMenu

social

Journal Imprint

Journal Metrics

IndexedBy

Indexed In

twitter

Social Media

Analytics

Analytics

Information

Most Cited Articles

Alternative Fuel: Hydrogen and its Thermodynamic Behaviour

Assessment of the Presence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Wastewaters and in Aquatic Environment

Eco-Friendly Asphalt Approach for the Development of Sustainable Roads

Utilization Management to Ensure Clean Water Sources in Coastal Areas