1. Home
  2. Vol 2, No 4 (2021)
  3. Afangideh

Spatiotemporal Variability Assessment of Rainwater Quality in Oil and Gas Exploration Region of Nigeria

Christopher B. Afangideh, Udeme Udeme Udokpoh

Abstract


In developing countries where the prevailing water supply systems are inadequate to meet the demands of their citizens, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become an alternative source of water resources. Anthropogenic activities have led to the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, which has an endangering impact on the quality of rainwater and also poses great risks to people who depend on this source of water supply. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the physicochemical, bacteriological, and heavy metal parameters of direct harvested rainwater from six locations in Mkpat Enin, Ibeno, and Ikot Ekpene Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State between March to October, 2021. Eighteen (18) water quality parameters were considered and analysed in the laboratory in accordance with the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. Results from the laboratory analysis show seasonal and spatial variation in the water quality parameters of the rainwater samples obtained within the six localities. The laboratory results were also compared with the permissible water quality parameters as recommended by WHO. The comparative analysis indicated that the concentration of pollutants in rainwater was not within the allowable limit except for Sulphate and Zinc.

 

Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-04-04

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Environmental Pollution; Gas Flare; Oil Spillage; Physicochemical; Rainwater Harvesting; Water Quality.

References


Krishna, R. S., Mishra, J., & Ighalo, J. O. (2020). Rising Demand for Rain Water Harvesting System in the World: A Case Study of Joda Town, India. World Scientific News, 146(May), 47–59.

Forstinus, N., Ikechukwu, N., Emenike, M., & Christiana, A. (2016). Water and Waterborne Diseases: A Review. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 12(4), 1–14. doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2016/21895.

Seiyaboh, E. I., Izah, S. C., & Oweibi, S. (2017). Assessment of water quality from Sagbama creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Biotechnological Research, 3(1), 20-24.

Ravindra, K., Mor, S., & Pinnaka, V. L. (2019). Water uses, treatment, and sanitation practices in rural areas of Chandigarh and its relation with waterborne diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(19), 19512–19522. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04964-y.

Ekere, N. R., Agbazue, V. E., Ngang, B. U., & Ihedioha, J. N. (2019). Hydrochemistry and Water Quality Index of groundwater resources in Enugu north district, Enugu, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(3), 150. doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7271-0.

Dahunsi, S. O., Owamah, H. I., Ayandiran, T. A., & Oranusi, S. U. (2014). Drinking Water Quality and Public Health of Selected Towns in South Western Nigeria. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 6(3), 143–153. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0118-6.

Raimi, M., Funmilayo, A. A., Major, I., Odipe, O. E., Muhammadu, I. H., & Chinwendu, O. (2019). The Sources of Water Supply, Sanitation Facilities and Hygiene Practices in an Island Community: Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. SSRN Electronic Journal, 3(1). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3338408.

Allaire, M., Wu, H., & Lall, U. (2018). National trends in drinking water quality violations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(9), 2078–2083. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719805115.

Jadoon, S., Hilal, Z., Ali, M., & Muhammad, S. (2019). Potentially toxic elements in drinking water and associated health risk assessment in Abbottabad city, northern Pakistan. Desalination and Water Treatment, 151, 392–402. doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23909.

Ighalo, J. O., Adeniyi, A. G., Adeniran, J. A., & Ogunniyi, S. (2021). A systematic literature analysis of the nature and regional distribution of water pollution sources in Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283, 124566. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124566.

Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). (2007). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality. Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 554: 2007. SON, Lagos, Nigera. Available online: https://www.health.gov.ng/doc/StandardWaterQuality.pdf (accessed on June 2021).

Ullah, R., Muhammad, S., & Jadoon, I. A. K. (2019). Potentially harmful elements contamination in water and sediment: Evaluation for risk assessment and provenance in the northern Sulaiman fold belt, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 147, 1155–1162. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.053.

Galadima, A., Garba, Z. N., Leke, L., Almustapha, M. N., & Adam, I. K. (2011). Domestic water pollution among local communities in Nigeria-causes and consequences. European Journal of Scientific Research, 52(4), 592-603.

Michael R. Ronczkowski. (2017). Basic Environmental Chemistry. Soil and Water Contamination, 27–62. doi:10.1201/b16029-6.

Ngigi, S. N. (2003). What is the limit of up-scaling rainwater harvesting in a river basin? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28(20–27), 943–956. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.015.

Falkenmark, M., Fox, P., Persson, G., & Rockström, J. (2001). Water harvesting for upgrading of rainfed agriculture, problem analysis and research needs. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Sweden. Available online: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/5297 (accessed on July 2021).

Lye, D. J. (2002). Health risks associated with consumption of untreated water from household roof catchment systems. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38(5), 1301–1306. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04349.x.

Lye, D. J. (2009). Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 407(21), 5429–5434. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.011.

Teston, A., Geraldi, M. S., Colasio, B. M., & Ghisi, E. (2018). Rainwater harvesting in buildings in Brazil: A literature review. Water, 10(4), 471. doi:10.3390/w10040471.

Despins, C., Farahbakhsh, K., & Leidl, C. (2009). Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA, 58(2), 117–134. doi:10.2166/aqua.2009.013.

Aladenola, O. O., & Adeboye, O. B. (2010). Assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting. Water Resources Management, 24(10), 2129–2137. doi:10.1007/s11269-009-9542-y.

Shah, V. G., Dunstan, R. H., Geary, P. M., Coombes, P., Roberts, T. K., & Rothkirch, T. (2007). Comparisons of water quality parameters from diverse catchments during dry periods and following rain events. Water Research, 41(16), 3655–3666. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.052.

Kumar, M. D., Ghosh, S., Patel, A., Singh, O. P., & Ravindranath, R. (2006). Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research. Land Use and Water Resources Research 6, 1-17. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.47964.

UN-Habitat. (2005). Blue Drop Series on Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation, Nairobi, Kenya (Meeting Development Goals in Small Urban Centers), Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities, 101.

Igbinosa, I. H., & Aighewi, I. T. (2017). Quality assessment and public health status of harvested rainwater in a peri-urban community in Edo State of Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6122-0.

Lee, J. Y., Bak, G., & Han, M. (2012). Quality of roof-harvested rainwater – Comparison of different roofing materials. Environmental Pollution, 162, 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.005.

Olowoyo, D. N. (2011). Physicochemical characteristics of rainwater quality of Warri axis of Delta state in western Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(12), 320–322. doi:10.5897/jece11.017.

Chang, M., McBroom, M. W., & Scott Beasley, R. (2004). Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution. Journal of Environmental Management, 73(4), 307–315. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.06.014.

Worm, J. and van Hattum, T. (2006). Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use. Agrodok-Series No. 43, Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Available online: https://www.samsamwater.com/library/AD43E.pdf (accessed on October 2021).

Van Metre, P. C., & Mahler, B. J. (2003). The contribution of particles washed from rooftops to contaminant loading to urban streams. Chemosphere, 52(10), 1727–1741. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00454-5.

Mendez, C. B., Afshar, B. R., Kinney, K., Barrett, M. E., & Kirisits, M. J. (2010). Effect of roof material on water quality for rainwater harvesting systems. Texas Water Development Board, Austin, TX, United States.

L. Mosley. (2005). Water Quality of Rainwater Harvesting Systems. In SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 579. Available online: http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/mr0579.pdf (accessed on October 2021).

Chukwuma, E. C., Nzediegwe, C., Umeghalu, E. C., & Ogbu, K. N. (2012). Quality assessment of direct harvested rainwater in parts of Anambra State, Nigeria. Special Publication of the Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences, 201-207.

WHO, (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th Edi.) Geneva 27, Switzerland.

Orlović-Leko, P., Vidović, K., Ciglenečki, I., Omanović, D., Sikirić, M. D., & Šimunić, I. (2020). Physico-Chemical Characterization of an Urban Rainwater (Zagreb, Croatia). Atmosphere, 11(2), 144. doi:10.3390/atmos11020144.

Dinrifo, R. R., Babatunde, S. O. E., Bankole, Y. O., & Demu, Q. A. (2010). Physico- Chemical properties of rain water collected from some industrial areas of Lagos State Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 41(3), 383–390.

Shyamala, R., Shanthi, M., & Lalitha, P. (2008). Physicochemical analysis of borewell water samples of telungupalayam area in Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 5(4), 924–929. doi:10.1155/2008/152383.

Hu, G.P., Balasubramanian, R. and Wu, C.D. (2003). Chemical Characterization of Rainwater at Singapore. Chemosphere 51, 747-755. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00028-6.

Akintola, O. A., Sangodoyin, A. Y., & Agunbiade, F. O. (2013). Evaluation of environmental pollution effects on domestic roof-harvested rainwater in Southern part of Nigeria using impact indices. Water Practice and Technology, 8(2), 244–255. doi:10.2166/wpt.2013.026.

Ohimain, E. I. (2010). Petroleum geomicrobiology. Geomicrobiology: Biodiversity and Biotechnology. S. K Jain, A. A. Khan and MK Rain (Editors). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 139-174. doi:10.1201/b10193-6.

Ohimain, E. I. (2013). Environmental impacts of smallholder ethanol production from cassava feedstock for the replacement of kerosene household cooking fuel in Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, 35(16), 1560–1565. doi:10.1080/15567036.2010.529565.

Ohimain, E. I. (2013). Can the Nigerian biofuel policy and incentives (2007) transform Nigeria into a biofuel economy? Energy Policy, 54, 352–359. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.11.051.

Ohimain, E. I. (2013). The challenge of liquid transportation fuels in Nigeria and the emergence of the Nigerian automotive biofuel programme. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5(16), 4058–4065. doi:10.19026/rjaset.5.4625.

Sambo, A. S. (2008). The role of energy in achieving millennium development goal (MDGs. Keynote Address at the National Engineering Technology Conference (1st of April). Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Ohimain, E. I. (2013). A review of the Nigerian biofuel policy and incentives (2007). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 246–256. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.037.

Fadare, D. A., Bamiro, O. A., & Oni, A. O. (2009). Energy analysis for production of powdered and pelletised organic fertilizer in Nigeria. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(4), 75–82.

Seiyaboh, E. I., & Izah, S. C. (2017). A Review of impacts of gas flaring on vegetation and water resources in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 2(4), 48-55. doi:10.11648/j.ijeee.20170204.11.

Aigberua, A. O., Ekubo, A. T., Inengite, A. K., & Izah, S. C. (2017). Assessment of some selected heavy metals and their pollution indices in an oil spill contaminated soil in the Niger Delta: a case of Rumuolukwu community. Biotechnological Research, 3(1), 11–19.

Aigberua, A. O., Ekubo, A. T., Inengite, A. K., & Izah, S. C. (2016). Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbon Content and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in an Oil Spill Contaminated Soil in Rumuolukwu Community in Niger Delta. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 4(4), 130–142.

Aigberua, A. O., Ekubo, A. T., Inengite, A. K., & Izah, S. C. (2016). Seasonal variation of nutrient composition in an oil spill contaminated soil: a case of Rumuolukwu, Eneka, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Biotechnological Research, 2(4), 179–186.

Ismail, O. S., & Umukoro, G. E. (2012). Global Impact of Gas Flaring. Energy and Power Engineering, 04(04), 290–302. doi:10.4236/epe.2012.44039.

E. Ite, A., & J. Ibok, U. (2013). Gas Flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(4), 70–77. doi:10.12691/env-1-4-1.

Weli, V. E., & Kobah, E. (2014). The Air Quality Implications of the SPDC-Bomu Manifold Fire Explosion in K-Dere, Gokana LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 6(1), 1–9. doi:10.19026/rjees.6.5734.

Weli, V. E., & Arokoyu, S. B. (2014). Impact of SPDC-Bomu manifold oil pipe explosion fire on crop yield and farm income in Gokana LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(14), 2851–2857. doi:10.19026/rjaset.7.609.

Olobaniyi, S. B., & Efe, S. I. (2007). Comparative assessment of rainwater and groundwater quality in an oil producing area of Nigeria: environmental and health implications. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 6(2), 111.

Elvidge, C. D., Ziskin, D., Baugh, K. E., Tuttle, B. T., Ghosh, T., Pack, D. W., Erwin, E. H., & Zhizhin, M. (2009). A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data. Energies, 2(3), 595–622. doi:10.3390/en20300595.

Famuyiwa, B. A. Seabed Survey of the Impact of Oil Based Drilling Fluid System on Offshore Environment. 9th International Conference on the Petroleum Industry and the Nigerian Environment, 461–489.

Wright, M. T., McMahon, P. B., Landon, M. K., & Kulongoski, J. T. (2019). Groundwater quality of a public supply aquifer in proximity to oil development, Fruitvale oil field, Bakersfield, California. Applied Geochemistry, 106, 82–95. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.05.003.

Weli, V. E., & Itam, N. I. (2016). Impact of Crude Oil Storage Tank Emissions and Gas Flaring on Air/Rainwater Quality and Weather Conditions in Bonny Industrial Island, Nigeria. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 05(02), 44–54. doi:10.4236/ojap.2016.52005.

Ezenwaji, E. (2013). Effects of gas flaring on rainwater quality in Bayelsa State, Eastern Niger-Delta region, Nigeria. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 5(6), 97–105. doi:10.5897/jtehs2013.0265.

Akintola, O. A., Sangodoyin, A. Y., & Agunbiade, F. O. (2018). Anthropogenic activities impact on atmospheric environmental quality in a gas-flaring community: application of fuzzy logic modelling concept. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(22), 21915–21926. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2295-5.

Okoye, A. C., Oluyemi, E. A., Oladikpo, A. A., & Ezeonu, F. C. (2016). Physicochemical Analysis and Trace Metal Levels of Rain Water for Environmental Pollution Monitoring in Ile – Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 11(3), 326–331.

Udokpoh, U. U., Ndem, A. U., Salihu, Z. A., Bashir Y. A., & Saleh, D. (2021). Comparative Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Water Quality for Domestic Water Supply in Rural Areas Surrounding Crude Oil Exploration Facilities. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 9(3), 80–90. doi:10.12691/jephh-9-3-2.

Ejelonu, B. C., Adeleke, B. B., Ololade, I. O., & Adegbuyi, O. (2011). The chemistry of rainwater samples collected within utorogu-oil producing community in Niger delta, Nigeria ii. European Journal of Scientific Research, 58(2), 189–203.

World Health Organization. (2021). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (Fourth Edition). W.H.O. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950 (accessed on May 2021).

Chapman, D. and Kimstach, V. (1992) Selection of Water Quality Variables. In: Chapman, D., Ed., Water Quality Assessments, Chapman and Hall, London, 51-119. doi:10.4324/9780203476710.

Dami, A., Ayuba, H. K., & Amukali, O. (2013). Ground water pollution in Okpai and Beneku, Ndokwaeast local government area, delta state, Nigeria. E3 Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 4(1), 0171-0179.

Raimi, M. O., & Ezugwu, S. C. (2017). An Assessment of Trace Elements in Surface and Ground Water Quality in the Ebocha-Obrikom Oil and Gas Producing Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(7).

Hocking, M. B. (2005). Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control (3rd Edi.). Academic Press, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-088796-5.X5000-5.

Qu, Y., An, J., He, Y., & Zheng, J. (2016). An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 44, 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2015.08.028.

Tang, W. Z. (2003). Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes (1st Edi.). In Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780203506219.

Stauffer, J. (2013). The water crisis: Constructing solutions to freshwater pollution. In The Water Crisis: Constructing Solutions to Freshwater Pollution 7. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315870151.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-04-04

Refbacks



Copyright (c) 2022 Christopher Brownson Afangideh, Udeme Udeme Udokpoh