Optimizing Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Study on Magnetic Nonlinearity
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This study aims to optimize the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) by comparing linear and nonlinear configurations, with a focus on the role of magnetic nonlinearity. The objective is to address the limitations of conventional linear PEHs, which typically suffer from narrow bandwidth and limited power output, by exploring the integration of repulsive permanent magnets to induce nonlinear behavior. Analytical modelling combined with finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to evaluate voltage generation, power output, and resonant frequency in both models under consistent geometrical parameters. The linear configuration, featuring a single tip mass, achieved a peak output of 2.63 V and 0.29 mW at 111 Hz, aligning closely with validated analytical and FEA predictions. In contrast, the nonlinear model incorporating permanent magnets exhibited two distinct peaks, with a maximum output of 7.83 V and 1.92 mW at 74 Hz, results that were consistent with experimental validation despite minor frequency deviations. The findings highlight that nonlinear magnetic coupling significantly improves energy harvesting efficiency and broadens operational bandwidth compared to linear systems. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive comparison of magnet-integrated nonlinear PEHs against conventional designs, offering valuable insights for developing efficient, broadband, and sustainable energy harvesting technologies.
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